Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. It is characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. The abilities of people with ASD can vary significantly. For example, some people with ASD may have advanced conversation skills whereas others may be nonverbal. Some people with ASD need a lot of help in their daily lives; others can work and live with little to no support.
The exact cause of autism is not known, but research suggests that it develops from a combination of genetic and environmental influences. These influences appear to increase the risk that a child will develop autism. However, increased risk is not the same as cause. For example, some gene changes associated with autism can also be found in people who don’t have the disorder. Similarly, not everyone exposed to an environmental risk factor for autism will develop the disorder.
Symptoms of autism usually appear by age 2 or 3. Some associated development delays can appear even earlier, and often, it can be diagnosed as early as 18 months. Symptoms may include social communication and interaction challenges, restricted or repetitive behaviors, and sensory issues. These typically involve over- or under-sensitivities to sounds, lights, touch, tastes, smells, pain, and other stimuli.
Diagnosing autism can be difficult because there is no medical test, like a blood test, to diagnose the disorder. Doctors look at the child’s developmental history and behavior to make a diagnosis. ASD can sometimes be detected at 18 months of age or younger. By age 2, a diagnosis by an experienced professional can be considered reliable.
There is currently no one standard treatment for ASD. However, there are many ways to help minimise the symptoms and maximise abilities. People who have ASD have the best chance of using all of their abilities and skills if they receive appropriate therapies and interventions. The most effective therapies and interventions are often different for each person. However, most people with ASD respond best to highly structured and specialised programs.